Herpes Labialis (Oral Cold Sores)

Herpes labialis, commonly known as cold sores, is a recurrent viral infection caused by herpes simplex virus, usually type 1, causing small, painful blisters around the mouth and lips.

• Tingling, itching, or burning sensation around the lips or mouth before a visible sore appears
• Small, fluid-filled blisters that cluster together, usually on or near the lip border
• Blisters that burst, crust over, and heal within about 1–2 weeks
• Recurrent episodes, which are often milder than the first, can be triggered by stress, illness, sun exposure, or fatigue

• Caused by herpes simplex virus, usually type 1, which is highly common and often acquired in childhood through close contact, such as kissing or sharing utensils.
• Once acquired, the virus remains dormant in nerve tissue and can periodically reactivate, causing recurrent cold sores.
• Common triggers for recurrence include stress, illness or fever, sun exposure, fatigue, and hormonal changes.

• Diagnosed clinically based on the characteristic appearance and location of the blisters, along with a typical recurrent pattern.

Most cold sores heal on their own within one to two weeks without specific treatment.

A topical antiviral cream, applied at the first sign of tingling before blisters fully form, can help shorten the duration and severity of an episode.

For more frequent or severe recurrences, an oral antiviral medicine may be considered, either to treat individual episodes or, for very frequent recurrences, as ongoing suppressive therapy.

Keeping the area clean and avoiding touching or picking at the sores helps prevent secondary bacterial infection and further spread.

• Avoid direct contact (such as kissing or sharing utensils, cups, or towels) with someone who has an active cold sore.
• Use sun protection on the lips if sun exposure is a known trigger.
• Manage stress and get adequate rest, particularly if these are known personal triggers.
• Avoid touching an active cold sore and then touching the eyes or other people, given the risk of spreading the virus.