Varicose Veins

Varicose veins are enlarged, twisted veins, most often occurring in the legs, that develop when the valves inside the veins do not work properly, allowing blood to pool rather than flow efficiently back toward the heart.

• Visible, twisted, bulging veins, usually blue or dark purple, most often on the legs
• Aching, heaviness, or throbbing in the legs, often worse after standing for long periods
• Swelling in the lower legs or ankles
• Itching around the affected veins
• In more advanced cases, skin changes or, rarely, a leg ulcer near the ankle

• Occurs when the one-way valves inside leg veins weaken or become damaged, allowing blood to flow backward and pool rather than moving efficiently toward the heart.
• Risk is increased by older age, family history, prolonged standing, obesity, pregnancy, and female sex.

• Usually diagnosed clinically based on the characteristic appearance of the veins and associated symptoms.
• A Doppler ultrasound of the legs, where available, can assess vein function and blood flow in more detail, particularly if intervention is being considered or complications are suspected.

Wearing compression stockings and elevating the legs when resting can help reduce discomfort and swelling for many people.

Regular physical activity, particularly walking, and avoiding prolonged standing or sitting, supports healthy blood flow in the legs.

For more bothersome or cosmetically significant varicose veins, procedures such as sclerotherapy (an injection that closes the vein) or laser treatment may be offered at specialist level.

Larger or more severe varicose veins may require a minor surgical procedure to remove or close the affected vein.

Any skin breakdown or ulcer near the ankle associated with varicose veins should be assessed by a health worker, as this requires specific wound care.

• Avoid prolonged periods of standing or sitting without moving, and take regular breaks to walk if your work requires long periods still.
• Elevate the legs when resting, particularly at the end of the day.
• Maintain a healthy body weight.
• Engage in regular physical activity, such as walking, to support healthy circulation.
• Wear compression stockings if recommended, particularly during pregnancy or prolonged travel.