Testicular Cancer

Testicular cancer is a cancer that develops in the testicle, most commonly affecting younger and middle-aged men. It is one of the more treatable solid cancers, particularly when detected early, with high cure rates.

• A painless lump or swelling in one testicle, often the first noticed sign
• A feeling of heaviness or aching in the scrotum or lower abdomen
• Change in the size, shape, or texture of a testicle
• In advanced disease that has spread, symptoms such as back pain or breathlessness can occur, though this is uncommon at presentation with early detection

• The exact cause is not fully understood, but risk is increased by a history of an undescended testicle at birth, family history of testicular cancer, and, to some extent, age (most common in men in their 20s to 40s).
• It is not caused by injury, though injury may sometimes draw attention to an existing lump.

• Any new testicular lump or swelling should prompt clinical examination.
• Scrotal ultrasound is the key initial test to characterise the lump and assess whether it is likely to be cancer.
• Blood tests for specific tumour markers support the diagnosis and help monitor treatment response.
• If cancer is suspected, further staging investigations assess whether the cancer has spread beyond the testicle.

Surgical removal of the affected testicle (orchidectomy) is the standard first treatment for testicular cancer and is also needed to confirm the exact type of cancer.

Depending on the type and stage of cancer, further treatment such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy may be recommended afterward to reduce the risk of recurrence or treat any spread.

Testicular cancer has excellent cure rates overall, particularly when detected and treated early, even in many cases where the cancer has already spread.

Fertility considerations, including the option of sperm storage before treatment where available, are discussed as part of care, since treatment can sometimes affect fertility.

Regular follow-up after treatment monitors for recurrence over subsequent years.

• Perform regular testicular self-examination to become familiar with what is normal, making changes easier to notice.
• Seek prompt medical assessment for any new testicular lump, swelling, or change rather than waiting, given how treatable this cancer is when caught early.
• Men with a history of an undescended testicle should be aware of their increased risk and maintain regular self-awareness.
• Attend follow-up appointments as advised after treatment to monitor for recurrence.