Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition involving persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning at school, work, or home.

• Difficulty sustaining attention on tasks, and being easily distracted
• Difficulty organising tasks or following through on instructions
• Excessive fidgeting, restlessness, or difficulty staying seated (more prominent in younger children)
• Impulsivity, such as interrupting others or acting without thinking through consequences
• Symptoms are present in more than one setting (such as both school and home) and begin in childhood, though they may first come to attention later in some individuals

• Believed to result from differences in brain development affecting attention and impulse control, influenced by genetic factors.
• Family history of ADHD increases likelihood.
• Is a recognised neurodevelopmental condition rather than a result of parenting style or lack of discipline, though environment can affect how symptoms present and are managed.

• Diagnosed through a detailed history from the individual and, for children, parents and teachers, assessing the pattern, persistence, and impact of symptoms across different settings.
• Structured rating scales completed by caregivers and teachers can support the diagnostic process.
• Other conditions that can cause similar symptoms, such as anxiety, learning difficulties, or hearing problems, are considered as part of a thorough assessment.

Behavioural strategies — such as structured routines, clear and consistent expectations, and breaking tasks into smaller steps — are a foundation of management for children and adults with ADHD.

Educational support and accommodations at school can help children with ADHD succeed academically.

Medicine may be considered for more significant symptoms affecting daily functioning, prescribed and monitored by a health worker experienced in ADHD care, with regular follow-up to assess benefit and side effects.

Parent training programmes can provide caregivers with strategies to support a child with ADHD at home.

Ongoing support, tailored to the individual's specific challenges and strengths, helps improve functioning across school, work, and relationships.

• Establish consistent routines and clear expectations at home and school.
• Break tasks into smaller, manageable steps.
• Seek early assessment if attention or behaviour concerns are significantly affecting a child's functioning at school or home.
• Work collaboratively with teachers and health workers to develop a consistent support plan.
• Attend regular follow-up if medicine is prescribed, to monitor effectiveness and any side effects.