Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia

Dementia is a general term for a decline in memory, thinking, and daily functioning severe enough to interfere with independent living. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause, resulting from progressive changes in brain tissue.

• Progressive memory loss, particularly for recent events
• Difficulty finding words or following conversations
• Confusion about time or place
• Difficulty performing familiar tasks, such as managing finances or cooking
• Changes in mood, personality, or judgement
• Gradual loss of independence in daily activities as the condition progresses

• Alzheimer's disease results from progressive changes in brain tissue, including abnormal protein deposits, that damage brain cells over time.
• Other causes of dementia include vascular damage from strokes or chronic poor blood flow, and other less common neurodegenerative conditions.
• Risk increases with age, and is also influenced by cardiovascular risk factors, family history, and, to some extent, level of education and cognitive engagement.

• Diagnosed through a detailed history from the person and a close family member or caregiver, together with cognitive testing to assess memory and thinking.
• Other treatable causes of confusion or memory problems, such as thyroid disease, vitamin deficiencies, depression, or infection, are considered and excluded, since these can sometimes mimic or contribute to dementia symptoms.
• Brain imaging, where available, may be used to support the diagnosis and rule out other causes such as stroke or a brain tumour.

There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease or most other causes of dementia; management focuses on supporting function, safety, and quality of life for as long as possible.

Certain medicines can modestly help with symptoms in some people with Alzheimer's disease, particularly in earlier stages, and are prescribed and monitored by a health worker experienced in dementia care where available.

Managing cardiovascular risk factors, such as blood pressure and diabetes, supports overall brain health and may help slow progression, particularly for vascular-related dementia.

A structured daily routine, a safe home environment, and support from family or caregivers are central to ongoing care.

Addressing mood changes, sleep disturbance, and behavioural symptoms, which are common as dementia progresses, is an important part of overall management.

• Manage cardiovascular risk factors — blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol — throughout life, as these are linked to dementia risk.
• Stay physically and mentally active and maintain social engagement.
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol intake.
• Seek early assessment for memory or thinking changes, as some causes are treatable and early diagnosis allows better planning and support.
• Support caregivers with information and respite, as caring for someone with dementia can be demanding.