Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever)

Allergic rhinitis, commonly known as hay fever, is an allergic reaction affecting the nose and eyes, triggered by inhaled allergens such as pollen, dust mites, mould, or animal dander. It can occur seasonally or year-round.

• Sneezing
• Runny or stuffy nose with clear discharge
• Itchy nose, eyes, or throat
• Watery, red, itchy eyes
• Symptoms may occur seasonally (with specific pollens) or year-round (with indoor allergens such as dust mites or pet dander)

• An allergic reaction triggered by exposure to specific airborne allergens, most commonly pollen, dust mites, mould spores, or animal dander.
• Family history of allergic conditions (allergic rhinitis, asthma, eczema) increases risk.
• Often occurs alongside other allergic conditions, such as asthma or eczema.

• Diagnosed clinically based on the characteristic pattern of symptoms in relation to specific exposures or seasons.
• Allergy testing (skin prick testing or blood testing for specific allergic antibodies), where available, can help identify specific triggers, particularly for persistent or severe symptoms.

Avoiding or reducing exposure to identified triggers, where possible, is the first step in management.

An antihistamine (oral or nasal) helps relieve sneezing, itching, and runny nose, and can be taken regularly during high-exposure periods.

A nasal corticosteroid spray is effective for more persistent or bothersome nasal symptoms and is often more effective than antihistamines alone for nasal congestion.

Saline nasal rinses can help clear allergens and mucus from the nasal passages.

For severe, persistent symptoms not controlled by these measures, referral to a specialist for further assessment, including consideration of allergen immunotherapy where available, may be helpful.

• Identify and reduce exposure to known triggers, such as keeping windows closed during high pollen periods or using allergen-proof bedding covers for dust mites.
• Wash hands and change clothes after being outdoors during high pollen seasons.
• Keep indoor spaces clean and well-ventilated to reduce dust and mould.
• Consider consistent use of prescribed preventive medicine during known high-symptom periods rather than only treating symptoms as they occur.