Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration is a condition affecting the macula, the part of the eye responsible for sharp, central vision. It is a leading cause of vision loss in older adults, causing gradual loss of central vision while usually sparing peripheral vision.

• Gradual blurring or distortion of central vision
• Straight lines appearing wavy or bent
• Difficulty recognising faces or reading, due to central vision loss
• Peripheral (side) vision is generally preserved, so complete blindness does not typically result
• A less common, more rapidly progressing form can cause sudden, more significant central vision loss

• Results from age-related changes affecting the macula, with two main forms: a more common, slowly progressive "dry" form, and a less common but more rapidly damaging "wet" form involving abnormal blood vessel growth.
• Risk is increased by older age, smoking, family history, and, to some extent, cardiovascular risk factors.

• Diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, including examination of the macula.
• Additional imaging of the retina, where available, helps confirm the diagnosis and distinguish between the dry and wet forms, which affects treatment options.
• A simple grid test (Amsler grid) can help detect the characteristic distortion of straight lines and is sometimes used for home monitoring in people with known disease.

The dry form has no specific cure, but certain nutritional supplements may help slow progression in some people with intermediate or advanced disease, based on specialist assessment.

The wet form can be treated with injections of medicine directly into the eye, performed by a specialist, which can slow or, in some cases, improve vision loss if started promptly.

Regular monitoring, including with an Amsler grid at home for those with known disease, helps detect progression or a change from dry to wet form early, when treatment is most effective.

Low-vision aids and support can help people adapt to and manage central vision loss in daily activities.

• Avoid smoking, which is one of the most significant modifiable risk factors.
• Maintain a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables, particularly leafy greens.
• Manage cardiovascular risk factors such as blood pressure and cholesterol.
• Attend regular eye examinations, particularly from age 50 onward, to allow early detection.
• Seek prompt assessment for any new distortion or blurring of central vision, especially if sudden, since prompt treatment of the wet form improves outcomes.