Depression

Depression is a common mental health condition marked by persistent low mood and loss of interest or pleasure in activities, along with other emotional and physical symptoms that affect daily functioning.

• Persistent sadness or low mood most of the day
• Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed
• Fatigue or loss of energy
• Changes in appetite or sleep
• Difficulty concentrating
• Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
• In severe cases, thoughts of death or self-harm

• Believed to result from a combination of genetic, biological, and life-stress factors.
• Can be triggered or worsened by chronic illness, major life changes, bereavement, or ongoing hardship.
• Risk is increased by a personal or family history of depression and lack of social support.

• Diagnosed clinically based on symptoms present for at least two weeks that affect daily functioning, following a structured history and assessment of mood, and screening for suicidal ideation.
• Physical causes of similar symptoms (such as anaemia, thyroid disease, or chronic illness) should be considered and excluded where relevant.

Mild depression is managed initially with psychosocial support, problem-solving guidance, and encouragement of regular routine, physical activity, and social engagement.

For moderate to severe depression, an antidepressant such as amitriptyline or fluoxetine may be started at primary care level, alongside continued psychosocial support.

Patients with severe depression, psychotic features, or any expressed suicidal or self-harm ideation are referred urgently to a mental health specialist or facility for closer assessment and care.

Anyone in acute crisis or expressing suicidal intent should not be left alone and needs immediate assessment.

• Maintain social connections and routine daily activities.
• Engage in regular physical activity.
• Seek early support from a health worker when symptoms first appear rather than waiting.
• Ensure ongoing follow-up for anyone recovering from a depressive episode to watch for relapse.