Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. It causes recurrent painful genital sores and, while not curable, can be managed effectively to reduce symptoms and transmission.

• Painful blisters or ulcers on or around the genitals, which may be preceded by tingling or itching
• Pain or burning on urination if sores are near the urethral opening
• Fever and swollen lymph nodes, particularly during a first episode
• Recurrent episodes are usually milder and shorter than the first outbreak, and some people have very infrequent or mild recurrences

• Caused by herpes simplex virus, transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact during vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected partner, including during periods when the partner has no visible sores.
• Once acquired, the virus remains in the body long-term and can periodically reactivate, causing recurrent episodes.

• Often diagnosed clinically based on the characteristic appearance of painful genital blisters or ulcers, particularly during a first, more classic episode.
• Laboratory testing (such as viral swab testing), where available, can confirm the diagnosis, particularly in atypical presentations.

An antiviral medicine, such as aciclovir, is used to treat episodes, shortening their duration and severity, and is most effective when started as early as possible after symptoms begin.

People with frequent recurrences may be offered daily suppressive antiviral treatment to reduce how often episodes occur and to lower the risk of transmission to a partner.

Keeping the affected area clean and dry, and using simple pain relief, supports comfort during an episode.

Pregnant women with genital herpes, particularly with a first episode near the time of delivery, require specific specialist guidance, as the infection can rarely be transmitted to the baby during birth.

• Consistent and correct condom use, which reduces though does not eliminate transmission risk.
• Avoid sexual contact during an active outbreak or when symptoms are starting (such as tingling before visible sores appear).
• Inform sexual partners of a genital herpes diagnosis so they can make informed decisions about risk.
• Pregnant women with a history of genital herpes should inform their antenatal care provider, especially if an outbreak occurs close to the expected delivery date.